The fusils d’infanterie modèle 1866-74T, 1874, and 1874 M.80. A-R-West L, A-R-West G. JHBSA 2008; 3: 2-28.

The Gras was the first French military centrefire blackpower rifle. The Model 1874 was at first produced by modifying (‘T’ for ‘transformé’) Model 1866 Chassepot needlefire rifles; a further Model 1880 modification introduced a channel in the receiver for gas escape if a case ruptured. A final modification to 8mm occurred in 1914. Gras carbines, bayonets and cartridges are described, along with practical experience of firing the rifle.

The universal calibre. Genesis of the 9 mm Parabellum cartridge. Sturgess GL. JHBSA 2008; 3: 29-38.

The cartridge known as 9 mm Parabellum, and by many earlier names, evolved from Georg Luger’s 7.65 mm pistol cartridge, after the British and American military rejected it as underpowered. They rejected the 9 mm Parabellum for the same reason, but it gained a wide acceptance by European armed forces. The article traces Luger’s developing designs and his efforts to have his cartridges and pistols accepted. The great variety of early cases and bullets is described.

External ballistics, a historical viewpoint. Part II 1914 to date. Thombs DA. JHBSA 2008; 3: 39-48.

External ballistics studis projectiles between the time of exit from the barrel, and impact with the target. In non-mathematical terms, developments in this field, and how they have been applied to improving accuracy, are described from 1914 until the present.

Some pattern 1853 Enfield and Snider rifle accessories. Harriman B. JHBSA 2008; 3: 49-52.

Examples from a personal collection are described including foresight and nipple protectors; muzzle tompion stoppers; wooden dummy cartridges, and breech adapters for practice with BB caps. A note describes the legality of possessing such accessories.